Ottoman Empire in the Early Nineteenth Century

I. Introduction: Europe’s Impact on the World

II. Change within the Ottoman Empire

A. Reforms in Egypt: Muhammad Ali

1. Military Reforms

2. Trade and Education

3. Limits to Muhammad Ali’s Success

III. Ottoman Experience

A. Cultural Complacency in the Upper Classes

B. Attempted Reforms of Selim III (ruled 1789-1807)

C. Successful Reforms of Mahmud II (ruled 1808-1839)

1. Overcoming the Janissaries

2. Playing off the Ulama and Europeans

D. Success of the Tanzimat Reforms

IV. Conclusion: Adopting the Fez

Key Terms:

Battle of the Pyramids

Muhammad Ali

Selim III

‘New Order’ Army

ulama

Mahmud II

‘Tanzimat’ period

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